Biotransformation is the process by which substances that enter the body are changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic molecules to facilitate elimination from the body. This process usually generates products with few or no toxicological effects. Biotransformation’s sometimes yield toxic metabolites, through a process known as bioactivation. The chemical reactions responsible for changing a lipophilic toxicant into a chemical form are known as Phase I and Phase II biotransformation’s. The two groups are defined based on the reactions that are catalyzed. Phase I reactions transform hydrophobic chemicals to more polar products via oxidation, hydrolysis, or similar reactions. Phase II processes involve conjugation reactions that add polar functional groups, such as glucose or sulfate, to the Phase I products, to produce what are often even more polar metabolites. Thus, these become even more water soluble and can be readily excreted. Many biotransformation enzymes exhibit broad substrate specificity, providing a mechanism for enhancing the excretion of a wide range of hazardous compounds
Last Updated on: Nov 21, 2024List of Open Access Journals View More
Department of Applied Food and Nutrition Journal
DAFNJ is a scholarly open access peer-reviewed journal aim to publish be valuable source of information both clinical, experimental and theoretical in field of Food science, Food policy and Nutrition....View More
Nanomedicine and Nanoscience Technology: Open Access
Nanomedicine and Nanoscience Technology: Open Access is an Open Access journal and aims to publish most complete and reliable source of information on the applications, discoveries and current developments on nanomedicine and nanoscience technology in the mode of original articles...View More
International Journal of Quantum Technologies
International Journal of Quantum Technologies publishes original, current research, novel methods, advancing research on quantum optics, modern quantum physics, quantum computing, Quantum electromechanical systems and quantum metrology, etc. strategies that will drive positive change in the worldwide....View More
Journal of Next Generation Materials Engineering Research
JNGMER welcome authors to contribute current research and reports manuscripts related to Thermal Engineering, Environmental Catalysis, Reaction kinetics, Physical Chemistry, Catalysis & Adsorption, Processes of Heat, Momentum Transfer, Nanocatalysis, Reactor Engineering, Reactor Designs and Materials, and Thermodynamic Engineering, etc...View More
International Journal of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering
International Journal of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE) is a scholarly open access per-reviewed journal aim to publish be valuable source of information in field of Chemical Engineering, Catalysis, Catalytic Materials & Mechanisms, Nanocatalysis....View More